France shifts short-haul domestic flights to trains

Sets the pace for concrete steps against climate-change-aggravating aviation emissions

France has taken a tiny but vital step towards curbing civil aviation-linked emissions. The European country signed a bill on May 23, 2023, banning domestic flights if the rail alternative takes less than two-and-a-half hours. The pioneering move should encourage other climate-change-conscious countries and companies to follow suit. (Connecting flights are, however, exempt from the ban.)

Toxic emissions caused by flying have been under the scanner for long. Environmentalists point out that hardly 80 % of the world’s population can afford to fly. Yet, air travel accounts for around 2.5 % of global carbon dioxide emissions but 3.5 % when we take into consideration the impact of non-carbon dioxide gases on climate. Thus air travel worsens global warming majorly. On an individual level, it is the most significant way people are harming the environment.

France’s ban on short-haul flights is designed to drastically reduce carbon emissions. Planes are huge polluters and the idea behind the short-haul ban is to encourage travellers to use trains (which typically pollute much, much less than planes) on routes where there are valid high-speed rail alternatives. France has an effective and proven railway network.

Long haul flights indeed burn far more fuel but the larger number of short-haul flights put together are no less injurious to the planet. More importantly, there are fewer or are no railways for long distance travels across continents. So while what France has done may be viewed and described as symbolic by many, it is a step in the right direction which could spur other countries to come up with more eco-friendly ways of travel. In fact, Greenpeace has been demanding a ban on all flights in the European Union region that offer under six-hour railway alternatives.  

Why from planes to trains?

1. Nature of emissions: Civil aviation emissions are mainly composed of greenhouse gases (GHGs), particularly carbon dioxide (CO2), released during fuel combustion. These emissions contribute to climate change, altering weather patterns and impacting ecosystems and biodiversity. Air pollutants like nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides also harm air quality, causing respiratory problems and smog formation.

2. Energy efficiency: Trains offer a more energy-efficient mode of transportation compared to airplanes. They can carry more passengers per unit of energy consumed, resulting in lower greenhouse gas emissions per passenger-kilometre travelled. This energy efficiency contributes to a significant reduction in carbon emissions.

3. Renewable energy potential: While trains may rely on electricity generated from various sources, including fossil fuels, many countries are transitioning to renewable energy. As the share of renewables in the electricity grid increases, train travel becomes even more environmentally friendly. Embracing sustainable energy sources for powering trains further reduces dependence on fossil fuels.

4. Electrification and cleaner technologies: Trains have the potential for electrification, allowing them to operate with electricity from renewable sources. Electrified rail systems, like electric trains powered by overhead lines, can significantly reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Additionally, on-going research and development focus on cleaner technologies for trains, contributing to reduced emissions and environmental impact.

5. Modal shift and overall air travel demand: Shifting passengers from short-haul flights to trains can lead to a decrease in overall air travel demand. This reduction helps alleviate the environmental impact associated with aviation emissions, including carbon emissions, air pollution, and noise pollution. A modal shift towards trains promotes sustainable transportation choices and reduces congestion at airports.

6. Infrastructure development and land use: Transitioning to train travel requires appropriate infrastructure development, including expanding rail networks and upgrading existing lines. However, it is essential to consider the environmental implications and ensure sustainable land use practices during infrastructure development. Responsible planning can minimize the ecological footprint of rail expansion.

7. Regional and local benefits: Apart from environmental advantages, promoting train travel offers regional and local benefits. It stimulates regional economic development, enhances connectivity for smaller communities, and reduces congestion at airports. Train travel can foster sustainable growth and enhance local transportation networks.

8. Combined approach and technological advancements: Achieving significant emissions reductions in the aviation sector requires a combined approach. While shifting to trains for short-haul routes is beneficial, it is essential to simultaneously focus on improving aircraft efficiency, investing in sustainable aviation fuels, and exploring technological advancements such as electric or hybrid aircraft for longer distances. A comprehensive strategy addresses emissions reduction at different levels.

9. Behaviour and mindset shift: Raising awareness among travellers about the environmental impact of aviation emissions is crucial for promoting a modal shift. Educating the public about the benefits of sustainable alternatives like train travel and encouraging a mindset shift towards more conscious transportation choices play a vital role in achieving long-term environmental sustainability.